Task 601.5.7-02, 03, 5.10.07

Task _601. 5. 7-02,_03,_5. 10. 07 Part C There are many different ways to give a child or group of children positive reinforcement. Though, individual and group positive reinforcement needs to be done in different ways ,there are 4 ways in which you may give positive reinforcement. There are natural positive reinforcers, such as being a team captain, free time, or sitting next to a friend. The second one is edible reinforcers, such as candy, or a pizza party. The fourth is social reinforcement, which is giving positive comments and attention.All four methods are good to use on both individual and group positive reinforcement, but the same reinforcement isn’t as effective on both. For individual positive reinforcement, when a student is following classroom rules a student will get a token for great behavior throughout the day. This reinforcement provides the children with a reward for doing good and incentive to continue following the rules. Another great positive reinforcement for individuals is personally acknowledging the child for correct answers, good behavior, etc.A simple smile, positive attention, or letting the parents know how great the student is doing is in most situations better than any physical reward, it boost the child’s self esteem and confidence in themselves. Competition tends to be a good motivator for kids. Another positive reinforcement for groups could be a party. When the entire class, reaches a certain level of attendance, the teacher could give the class a little party. Even though, not all the students where in class as much as others, it shows the student that you can have rewards when you try and how important it is to go to school.

Benefits of security awareness training

Security in information systems training has come to be one of the most needed requirements in an organization. As Acquisti (2008) explains, in today’s fast moving and technically fragile environment safe communication systems are required to be secure in order to benefit both the company and the society as a whole. This fact needs to be clearly highlighted so that adequate measures be implemented not only to fosters the organization’s daily business transactions but also ensure that the much needed security procedures are implemented within the accepted companies code of ethics and thorough training given.Think of a case where company’s data is exposed to malicious attacker, this situation is constantly increasing especially among the security illiterate staff having access to sensitive and secretes business information. This information can be like sensitive company’s data, browsing the company’s website through an insecure gateway, receiving emai ls from suspicious sources and the threat posed by Instant messaging (IM). This paper aims at giving a critical review on the benefits of security awareness training on IT systems to an organization.Provide better protection for assets We need to help employees identify potential threats since this is one of the most valuable technical advantages a society can get (Brancik, 2008). We need to provide updated information to our staff on the new security risks that have been discovered. The staffs need also to be updated on the current technology so that they easily are aware of security breaches within the e-commerce environment.Furthermore employees, Brancik, (2008) asserts, business partners, and contractors should be informed that the data on their mobile phone devices and computers portable document format (PDFs), smart phones and thumb drives though are devices that are of value are vulnerable to security breaches so that they are alert whenever a security threat is discovered wi thin their systems. This can enhance swift action to be taken by the IT professionals to cap the situation. Save moneyAccording to Pfleeger and Pfleeger (2007), to reduce the number and extend in security breaches then training is vital. If a security breach is discovered sooner then ways of dealing with it promptly can be devised. , cost to notify customers of breaches, Cost to recovering data altered or lost during an a security breach, non-compliance fines and lost productivity, lost customers(indirect costs), resolving breaches and hoaxes ,time spent investigating) will reduce.These enables control measures to be added into systems other than adding them into the system that has been installed. Coordination and measuring of all security awareness, education, training should be enhances while duplication of effort is reduced (Pfleeger and Pfleeger, 2007). Improving the Competitive Advantage of your organization and protection of its brand One of the factors in the world of commer ce that is focused on by almost all companies is the ability to gain a competitive edge over similar companies.As explained by Killmeyer (2006) customers should be informed that your organization is considerate in protecting their data. Take a situation where Barclays Bank received when the management decided to protect customers installing ATMs that hides the users’ identity from its printout transaction receipt, if a malicious user were to gain access to unprotected receipt (having users identity and password) what harm will he do to customers’ account?

Forensic Psychology and Jury Selection Essay

Modern criminal trial practice demands that the law as an academic discipline cannot exist in a vacuum; quite the contrary, the law must be viewed as an overriding set of principles which must be viewed in conjunction with other academic disciplines (Carson & Bull, 2003). This is particularly true in the case of jury selection in criminal trials where the law has been combined with forensic psychology. This essay will discuss the policy underlying the incorporation of forensic psychology into formal criminal proceedings, the precise role of the forensic psychologist in jury selection, and what types of juror risk factors are of particular interests to prosecutors and defense attorneys. Forensic Psychology and the Law If the purpose of the legal process is the discovery of truth, and the guarantee of justice, then it is essential that legal procedures facilitate these objectives. Jury selection, the research has demonstrated, has contributed to many miscarriages of justice in criminal cases; indeed, one scholar has pointed out that In the incidence of capital cases, the U. S. Supreme Court has recognized what research has long shown: Jurors often make sentencing decisions prematurely, and they often base their decisions on their personal reactions to the defendant, their confusion about the rules of law, and their lack of understanding regarding their own role and responsibilities (Schroeder, Guin, Pogue & Bordelan, 2006). As a result of this well-known data, efforts have been made to provide for better jury selection procedures. This has involved a multidisciplinary approach in which lawyers, both prosecutors and defense attorneys, have retained the services of forensic psychologists in order to make better decisions during voir dire. On the one hand, it is hoped as a matter of sound public policy that intelligent jurors will be selected and that truth and justice will prevail. One the other hand, the potential for abuse of the criminal justice system exists because prosecutors and defense attorneys may use the juror profiles prepared by the forensic psychologists in order to win their case rather than to ensure a neutral type of justice. Forensic Psychology and Jury Selection Generally speaking, a forensic psychologist is enlisted in criminal trials in order to make psychological assessments about individuals and a certain set of facts underlying a particular type of criminal case. Jan Mills Saeth, a jury consultant who works with forensic psychologists in order to conduct voir dire on behalf of clients in criminal cases, has stated that â€Å"Jury selection includes helping the trial team eliminate risky jurors, and I help develop a juror profile, voir dire questions, and jury questionnaires. (â€Å"Behavioral Profiling: A Panel of Experts,† 2007). Generally speaking, therefore, the fundamental purpose of the forensic psychologist is to identify potentially risky jurors. What constitutes a risk depends on who the forensic psychologist is representing and whether the nature of the particular criminal allegations. Risk refers to some factor or set of factors which might predispose a potential juror to making certain types of assumptions, to harboring certain types of bias, or to in some way being psychologically disinclined to vote in favor of the forensic psychologist’s client. There are numerous tools employed by forensic psychologists in order to assess a juror’s risk factors during the jury selection process. These tools may include written questions, oral questions posed by an attorney after consultation with the forensic psychologist, and other non-verbal clues. The totality of this information is collected and the forensic psychologist then constructs a series of juror profiles which the attorney can then review in order to decide which jurors to retain and which jurors to challenge or dismiss. One of the difficulties is the fact that, in criminal trials, prosecutors and defense attorneys are zealous adversaries. They are thus required to seek to present their case in the light most favorable to their respective clients; to this end, as is relevant to this paper, the prosecutors and the defense attorneys are interested in jurors whom will be the most receptive to their particular version of the facts, whom are most likely to be swayed by certain facts and witnesses, and whom are most likely to rule in their favor (Tsushima & Anderson, 1996). A prosecutor will seek jurors that possess some psychological tendency to agree with the case in general, to sympathize with law enforcement or a particular type of victim, or some other type of bias that supports their case. Psychological traits favored by many prosecutors include a trust or confidence in authority figures, a generalized conception that the American criminal justice system is fair and reasonable, and a psychological tendency to agree with majority opinions. A defense attorney will be concerned with similar issues; however, the defense will also want to choose jurors whom possess a different set of psychological traits. More specifically, a defense attorney will seek individuals that distrust rather than trust authority figures, that question more than acquiesce to majority opinions, and that demonstrate strong feelings of sympathy or empathy. Conclusion In the final analysis, while forensic psychology can be enormously useful in predicting juror behavior, it can also be misused if prosecutors and defense attorneys do not place professional ethics above the winning of criminal cases. The goal of jury selection ought to be the selection of a jury which will weigh evidence objectively and critically without falling back on extraneous information in order to render a verdict. Forensic psychologists can contribute meaningfully to the criminal justice system, but it is necessary to make sure that their psychological insights are not used by unscrupulous prosecutors and defense lawyers to pervert truth and justice.

Macro economic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Macro economic - Essay Example Any central bank which achieves its inflation objective but damages output in a way unacceptable to the community will not keep its mandate for long. It is the recognition of this point which has produced a voluminous discussion and academic literature, which basically asks the question - central and basic prices (principally wages) will rise faster than this .There is, of course, also the very substantial danger that a rise in non-tradeable prices faster than the target inflation rate will trigger an asset boom, particularly in the classic non-traded asset of real estate property. There is also the issue that, compared with the situation before the capital inflow and appreciation of the exchange rate, interest rates will have to fall: we know that the extra capital inflows are putting on the exchange rate. Following the reasoning I have outlined so far, the proper response to this is to allow the exchange rate to appreciate. To the extent that this is a long-term or structural change, the inflation targeting framework would allow the appreciation to be reflected in inflation, to the extent that it meant that non-traded (domestic) prices would rise faster than the target. On most counts, this is o.k. - it is proper that relative price between tradeables and non-tradeables changes (in order to encourage the current account deficit that is the counterpart of the financial capital inflows). a) i ) The introduction of a lagged output gap in this equation is important for comparing inflation and price-level targeting. Conceptually, the lag will be introduced any time friction prevents instantaneous and complete adjustment of output to unexpected changes in the price level. The second equation explains monetary growth. In other words, what the central bank does. Here, they react to offset the output gap (but with a lag), but they do so imperfectly, John F. Muth (1961)

Placement of Older Adults Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Placement of Older Adults - Research Paper Example They keys areas are tare his chances of falling while taking the flight stairs, chances of been depressed and how Mr.Trosack will take his multiple medications that is (polypharmacy).These are the main major points that need to be focused by the case manager and his team and his interdisciplinary team for them to have an effective discharge schedule/plan. Each team player has to carry out a specific role in this case study to have positive results on Mr. Trosacks considering him as a case of social isolation. The family of Mr. Trosack interview will check whether it is capable of proving good care is the patient is discharged from the hospital. The case study team has to very keen on cases of depression which might affect his situation in recovering, there must also be therapist ,a person who will prescribe his medication(pharmacist) and an assistant who will take care of him while at home. After gathering all this information a suitable discharge plan will be recommended and a disch arge plan placement will be effected. (Idler & Benyamini1997). Members of Interdisciplinary Team The interdisciplinary teams in Mr.Trosacks case should comprise of the case manager who liaise the interdisciplinary team to craft out successful discharge plan for Mr.Trosacks.The specific duties for the interdisciplinary teams are outlined. In this case the patient is isolated while recovering from hip surgery, and the case or effects of isolation are known.The interdisciplinary team should include the following case manager that is the nurse, therapist and pharmacist. Roles of Interdisciplinary Team Therapist A therapist is someone who helps you understand problem related to your illness and helps see the positive side of life. In the interdisciplinary team there will be the therapist who would administer therapy into Mr. Trosacks will be able make him understand his specific needs as a patient and offer him hopeful solutions for change throughout the therapy formality. Pharmacist A p harmacist administers medicines to patients when a doctor recommends it and advices patients on correct prescription while taking their medicines. The pharmacist will ensure that Mr.Trosacks takes his medication on time and will from time to time check whether there are any side effects. Home care co-coordinator. Mr.Trosack will need a homecare co-coordinator who will be assisting small errand s mainly involving picking of grocery, will also be assisting Mr. Trosacks with the walker who will walking in his apartment because there is no elevator. The safety issues that could affect determination discharge plan include social isolation and this could affect his recovery plan due to depression. Mr.Trosacks lives alone ismall apartment which is clustered and there is little room for his walker, also the bathroom is tiny and there is no safety features which might help him in case of any accident. The bathroom cabinet where he keeps his medicine has old prescription medicine and this mig ht confuse him if he comes home and puts the new medicaments together with the old medicine. To get into the apartment you have to take the stairs and this will pose a great danger to Mr.Trosacks as he has to use a walker while climbing down the stairs or up the stairs and he may assistance of someone. Family ability to care for Mr.Trosack The basic safety mode of Mr.Trosack is after replacement of his hip is for his son and the wife to take care of Mr.Trosack. His family does not visit Mr.Trosack quite often and the small apartment is cluttered. Mr Trosack is diabetic and the need for nursing assistance is needed, but Mr.Trosack maintains that is capable of taking care of himself. There are several

Body defense mechanisms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Body defense mechanisms - Essay Example Innate immune system does not have any specialized cells but uses other cells to identify threats like bacteria, react to infections, and provide means of clearing the infections from the body. The system however switches on other immune systems in an antigen presentation method. This function is carried out by special white blood cells. Innate body mechanism forms a physical and chemical barrier that protects the body (Janeway, Travers, Walport, & Shlomchik, 2001). In contrast, adaptive immune system is found in vertebrates only and comprises of highly specialized cells. Also known as the acquired immune system, the system prevents growth of pathogens through the use of systemic cells. Adaptive immune system acts as a memory system, reacting to a similar infection when incited. Adaptive system is acquired through various ways like immunization. As opposed to innate system whose reaction is in the germline, adaptive system is developed throughout life through reactions to specific infections that create pathogen-specific receptors. The system acquires it name; adaptive immune system, through its ability to enable the body to react to future similar infections. Adaptive immune system is enabled by genetic mutation which occurs in all cells of the body giving it more awareness and reactionary strength to fight infections (Janeway, Travers, Walport, & Shlomchik, 2001). Primary innate body defense mechanism include; inflammation, mucous clearance, physical and chemical barriers. Inflammation involves cutting blood supply to the infected area, walling off the pathogens, and forming fibrous tissue of the area among others. Mucous clearance provides coverage of the epithelial layer of the trachea. Physical barriers like the skins functions like barriers when they are not infected. When the skin is intact, it provides one of the best barriers to infections. Nose hairs filter out particles or any other substances that the body

QUANTAS Case Study Customer Service Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

QUANTAS Customer Service - Case Study Example Assuming that each meaningful interaction will last five minutes to make the customer feel â€Å"important† and running over the entire month (Qantas Airlines). QANTAS would require 7,111 customer representatives which will cost approximately $213 million a year. Airline ticketing before the advent of computers and the internet was the most complex process in the entire airline industry. At the onset airline reservations are called in by the customers for available flights of a particular route. The information from the call would then be given to a central ticketing and monitoring center that creates â€Å"cards† for every call. These reservations are then matched with the available seats of the flight and the central booking for the flight will then be updated at the central booking office. The information about the seat availability of each flight will in turn be transmitted to all the booking office to ensure that they do not overbook a flight. Realizing the expandi ng role of air travel and the upward trend of its patrons American Airlines in 1946 installed the first electromechanical reservoir system (Winston). And in 1953 American Airlines started the SABRE project and it was finally installed and used in 1964 (Wilkinson). For many years to come until the present SABRE remains the yardstick in ticketing service provisioning. Several alliances worldwide have significantly contributed to SABRE and its profitability given the complexity and expense of airline reservation. ONE World is such an alliance, this particular alliance does not limit itself to ticketing and reservation however. ONE World also leverages for its members bulk purchasing of parts and services practically positioning its members to capitalize on its strategic strength and presence worldwide. In the context of customer service provisioning ONE World would enable QANTAS airlines’ customer to book flights practically in every parts of the world. To illustrate: A QANTAS p assenger who wants to go to Bethlehem, Pennsylvania would first have to book a flight from wherever parts of Australia he is using the local QANTAS hub to the international hub of QANTAS in Queensland, Australia going to Detroit Metro in the United States. From Detroit Metro the QANTAS passenger will have to board a plane to of a ONE World member airline to Lehigh Valley International Airport and then drive by car to Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Instead of calling several airlines to determine what flights are available going to Bethlehem, Pennsylvania the QANTAS passenger would just need to place a single call and all the bookings will be arranged using the ticketing and airline reservation system of ONE World. The whole process, without the assistance of ONE World’s system would have taken the entire day for the passenger. However, given that every reservation office of QANTAS is connected to ONE World the whole process could only take a couple of minutes. Since practically it would seem that QANTAS is the ONE making all the arrangements and the interfacing in the customer’s behalf, it would seem as far as the passenger is concerned it is QANTAS who have made his life easier. Case Study The challenges that QANTAS face in the next couple of years in order to remain competitive is to drive its operating cost further without compromising the quality of its service. As per the case study material presented, QANTAS’ edge has always been its ability to manage change effectively and efficiently.

Psychosocial Aspects in Discharging Decision in Physical Therapy Term Paper

Psychosocial Aspects in Discharging Decision in Physical Therapy - Term Paper Example Physical therapists can work in hospitals, private clinics, out-patient clinics, home based therapies, educational institutions, sports and fitness facilities, work/office settings and even nursing homes (APTA, 2009). The physical therapist can be placed anywhere in the system. Performing a variety of functions and activities, the physical therapist can be considered as a vital member of the rehabilitation team. Over the last three decades, physical therapists have asked for more autonomy with regards to their role in the clinical decision-making, although many physical therapy leaders believe that this increased autonomy can lead to a more complex ethical dilemma and responsibility for the physical therapist (Swisher 2002, p.693). Although since the70’s, physical therapy has progressed in terms of professional independence in the sense that they are given more and more liberty and independence when it comes to formulating and executing professional judgements (Babeu, Born & Ozar, 1993). The physical therapist is portrayed as having evolved from being only a treatment provider to being a patient’s evaluator, and developer of treatment programmes (Singleton 1987, p. 54). The APTA of late developed a vision statement in support of direct access to physical therapy services: â€Å"By 2020, physical therapy will be provided by physical therapists who are doctors of physical therapy, recognized by consumers and other health care professionals as the practitioners of choice to whom consumers have direct access for the diagnosis of, interventions for, and prevention of impairments, functional limitations, and disabilities related to movement, function, and health.† (Jette et al 2006, p.1620). Realising the significant role that a physical therapist play in the care of their patients, it is important for a physical therapist to

A leader in healthcare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A leader in healthcare - Essay Example They are flexible figures and in their absence to mediate, conflicts in diverse group can arise. Hence, an effective leader should possess the qualities of a change agent in order to lead an organization that can adjust and survive through the challenges of new developments in health care systems. What is permanent in this world is change. The statement is a common clichà © in most society, however, it still holds true in the health care aspect. Medical practitioners in various fields of expertise recognize the importance continuing education and training—updating their knowledge on what practices have been modified and which have been completely eliminated. Being a change agent not only means creating new ideas, it is also about going against the mainstream of usual system (Kouzes & Posner, 2008). The definition does not imply that this attribute in a leader is disrespectful on the higher authority such as the distinguished institutions. At some point, because of this characteristic, clashes in principles may occur. This is to be expected because most health care systems are founded on traditional and hierarchal system. Hence, the need to challenge what is the common way of doing things seems essential, for only with the perceived transformation can the door for impr ovement emerges. The process of change cannot take place if the leaders will just relax in the background. By being change agents, they tend to grab the opportunity to make active actions. The operative word is â€Å"now,† where leaders take hold of what they think is beneficial and turns it around to their advantage. The focus of these types of leaders is more on the external side of things--on the broader picture of the field (Buchbinder & Shanks, 2007). By employing the aid of various agencies, the multidisciplinary approach in change can be more productive and a wide spectrum of development is obtained—ensuring that the far fetching possibility of an organizational downfall will not

The Parliament Acts of 1911 and 1949 Reforms to the House of Lords Essay

The Parliament Acts of 1911 and 1949 Reforms to the House of Lords - Essay Example The act was as result of a reaction to the rivalry between the incumbent government and the House of Lords with regards to the 1909 People’s Budget. The chancellor of the exchequer of the time named David Lloyd George, had proposed the incorporation of a land tax (Dorey and Kelso 119-124). The new tax would have adverse effects on owners of large pieces of lands, majority of who were persons in the conservative opposition. In this regards, the conservatives believed in another alternative source which was to be tariffs on imports as this has much prospects to the British local industries as well. They had leverage in their large majority numbers which they used to vote down the budget. This was even perpetuated further by the veto power they possessed on Public Bills. This challenged the Liberals so much that they prioritized reducing the power of the Lords come the next general elections. After the elections, the Liberals still formed the minority government hence the Lords s ubsequently accepted the People Budget only after the land tax proposal had been dropped (Dorey and Kelso 126). The dispute over the budget however prompted the government to introduce new resolutions which were geared towards limiting the power of the Lords. ... The provisions of the Act abolished any veto powers of the House of Lords to any public bill introduced in the House of Commons. Exception was however granted to Bills which contain any provision to extend the maximum duration of parliament beyond the normal five years or any Bill confirming provisional order (Gordon 14-19). Again, the Bill did not alter any provision to the Bills introduced in the House of Common, as well as Private Bills and delegated legislations (Gordon 19). The Labour government amended the 1911 Act to further reduce the power of the House of Lords. This was prompted by the fears that the radical programme of nationalism which they advocated for, would be delayed by the House of the Lords barring its completion within the life of the parliament (Thompson 191). In 1947, a Bill aimed at reducing the time by which the Lords were bound to delay Bills form three sessions over two years to two sessions over a year, was introduced. After an attempt by the Lords to bloc k the bill, it was reintroduced in 1948 and 1911 as well (Thompson 193). The Bill was finally passed in 1949 with the application the provisions of the 1911 Act. The passing of the 1949 Act into law prompted various controversies. A number of legal personalities raised some doubts as to whether the use of the 1911 Act to pass the1949 Act, which in turn amended the 1911 Act itself was valid (Zander 94). They claimed that, the continued ability of the Lords to veto a bill to prolong the parliament life would not be entrenched if the 1911 Act could be used to amend itself first as this could end up removing this restriction (Hood 42). Also, they argued that the 1949 Act could be considered as a secondary legislation

Soviet Sports and the relation to politics in the cold war Research Paper

Soviet Sports and the relation to politics in the cold war - Research Paper Example Similarly, this spirit of competition was not merely limited to those states/actors that supported the West/NATO with reference to capitalism over communism. Instead, the Soviet Union actively sought to promote the superiority of its system of government through the use of its various techniques to include: the arms race, the space race, advances in technology, and prowess displayed through expertise in sporting events. This analysis will work to research the level and extent to which the Soviet Union promoted sport as a means of spreading ideology throughout the world.1 Furthermore, the analysis will seek to answer the question of how this â€Å"threat† was understood by the United States and its allies. Similarly, the understanding of sport as a means towards a political end will be examined as a function of how the Soviet Union viewed these activities. However, before such an analysis is thoroughly performed, it is necessary to delve into an explanation of how the Soviet Un ion developed and fielded some of the most talented athletes that the 21st century has had to offer. Similarly, the research will work to show how the Soviet Union used sport as a means to domestically foster ideas relating to Communism, teamwork, collectivism, physical education, resourcefulness, as well as encouraging elements of national pride and patriotism. In this way, the paper will analyze the extent to which Soviet policies and ideologies directly affected the cultivation and development of the raw talent that it subsequently introduced to the world. Similarly, the scope of desired outcomes that the Soviet Union hoped to achieve from the implementation of such a broad and overarching commitment to sports will be analyzed. Development, Ideology and Vision Prior to the end of the Second World War, the Soviet Union was only represented in two international sporting unions. This was mainly due to the fact that the Soviet Union had been dedicating all its resources to marshal ac tivities involving preparing troops for the front lines. However, the arrival of peace after 1945 allowed the Soviet Union to continue to focus on building up their armed forces while fostering a robust sporting and physical fitness culture. These activities were noticed by the remainder of the world and many American observers of the time noted the rapid growth and dynamism that was portrayed by the Soviet sporting teams. One observer noted, â€Å" The Central Committee of the Soviet Union had the following to say with regards to the role that sport should play in the lives of the citizen, â€Å"Physical culture must be considered not only from the standpoint of physical education and health and as an aspect of the cultural, economic and military training of youth (the sport of rifle marksmanship and others), but also as one of the methods of educating the masses (in as much as physical culture develops will power and builds up endurance, teamwork, and resourcefulness and other v aluable qualities), and in addition, as means of rallying the broad masses of workers and peasants around the various Party, soviet, and trade union organizations, through which the masses of workers and peasants are to be drawn into social and political activity†

Botanical gardens Essay Example for Free

Botanical gardens Essay Last summer, my two friends rekindled an idea we had for a long time of going for a short excursion to a nearby lake where we would camp for three days. First we informed our parents of our intentions which they supported without any objection. We intended to use this opportunity to help in bonding our relationship even more. After this approval, we did a good budget of all the things that we required for the three days of our camping. After drawing the budget, we sourced for the required money most of which came from our pocket savings with a little help from our parents. We chose to set our camping dates within a weekend as these are the days when most of us had free time. After an informative consultation, we also found out that the camp is only open during the weekends so as to give the camping ground vegetation enough time to regenerate. When the day came, we all set off during the morning so that we could get to our destination in time. This also gave us an opportunity to select the best site to set our camps before other people could take up the available sites. After setting our tents, we embarked on a trip along the shores of the lake and the adjacent flower and botanical gardens. We spent the second day canoeing and swimming as well as participating in some of conservational activities that are a mandatory practice for every camper. By the dawn of the third day, we could not believe that the day had come for us to pack our belongings and head back home. The camping experience proved to be a worthy exercise by providing a refreshing moment in our life.

Effect of Australias Two Party System on Liberal Democracy

Effect of Australias Two Party System on Liberal Democracy The two-party system is essential to the health of Australian liberal democracy. The politics of Australia takes place within the framework of a federal constitutional parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy. The bicameral body of the federal Parliament of Australian to which Australians elect parliamentarians, incorporate a fusion of executive elements inherited from the Westminster system and a strong federalist senate adopted from the United States. Australia largely operates as a two-party system in which voting is compulsory. The Australian political landscape has been dominated by organised, national parties since federation. The Australian Labor party come into prominence during the late 19th Century and represented the organised workers. They were opposed by two main parties the first who represent the middle class business and offered a social conservative aspect, known as the Liberal party of Australia. The second represented rural or agrarian, now the National Party of Australia. While there are a small number of other political parties that have achieved parliamentary representation, these main three dominate organised politics everywhere in Australia. Australian politics now operates as a two-party system, as a result of the permanent coalition between the Liberal Party and National Party.() â€Å"A two-party system is a system where two major political parties dominate politics within a government. One of the two parties typically holds a majority in the legislature and is usually referred to as the majority party while the other is the minority party.†() The two-party system had its origins in the rise of the Labor Party as a mass political organisation. This occurred in Australia roughly from 1891. Important moments occurred in 1909, when the Protectionists and Free Traders merged, and again in 1946, when Sir Robert Menzies established the modern Liberal party. In this perspective the political game is fundamentally about two main parties periodically contending for public support. () â€Å"The Australian Labor Party (ALP) is a self-described social democratic party which has in recent decades pursued a neo-liberal economic program, founded by the Australian labour movement and broadly representing the urban working class, although it increasingly has a base of sympathetic middle class support as well.†() â€Å"The Liberal Party of Australia is a party of the centre-right which broadly represents business, the suburban middle classes and many rural people. Its permanent coalition partner at national level is the National Party of Australia, formerly known as the Country Party, a conservative party which represents rural interests. These two parties are collectively known as the Coalition.†(). The 1913 election was important because it consolidated the two-party system. It was the first time an elected majority government was replaced by another majority government, this time the new Liberal Party that had in 1909 fused together the anti-Labor forces. However it was the introduction of proportional representation that shaped the system of government we have today. â€Å"The Commonwealth Constitution does not govern in detail how members of the House of Representatives and the Senate are to be elected, nor could it dictate the number and strength of Australia’s national political parties and the dynamics of competition among them.†() The political dynamics in Canberra including the roles the two houses of parliament and the relationship between them is profoundly impact by the electoral and party system. Proportional representation has fundamentally affected the balance of power among the parties, the implementation of principles of responsible government, and the practical dynamics of politics in Parliament. â€Å"The decision made in 1948 that thereafter Senators would be elected by proportional representation. Until 1949, Senators were elected in much the same way as Representatives, except that three or more Senators were chosen in each state at each election. Sec.7 of the Constitution provides for Senators to be elected on a state-wide basis—each state voting ‘as one electorate’—unless Parliament provides otherwise, which it has not done. Thus, until the 1949 election, between three and six Senators were elected state-wide at each election, by a plurality system that often led, as we shall see, to one party winning most or all of the seats being contested.†() Preferential voting protects the election against a candidate who receives a plurality, but not a majority, of the votes cast. If more than two candidates run for the same seat, it is quite possible that none of them will receive a majority; most voters will select someone other than the candidate who receives a plurality of the votes. A closely related effect of preferential voting is to encourage more than two candidates to run for the same seat—or to put it differently, for more than two parties to field candidates for the same seat. In plurality district elections, it is typically argued that anyone who contemplates voting for a third or minor party candidate is, in effect, throwing away his or her vote. If the candidate whom a voter truly prefers has no realistic chance of winning, so the argument goes, any voter who selects that candidate thereby gives up the opportunity to affect the choice between the two candidates who actually might win. Under a preferential voting system, a voter can vote for the candidate he or she truly prefers, and then mark his or her second preference for a candidate w ith a better prospect of winning—the political equivalent of having one’s cake and eating it too. Precisely because of this logic, of course, preferential voting can have the effect of encouraging a multiplicity of candidates and so reducing the likelihood that any one of them will receive a majority of the first preference votes cast. In a proportional representation system, lesser parties can moderate policy since they are not usually eliminated from government. It is suggested the two-party approach may not promote inter-party compromise but may encourage partisanship. In the past the two-party system has proved to be extraordinarily robust. The Australian major parties are required to be more pluralistic (Winner takes all) than any other democracy as a consequence of being such a stable bipolar system. Minor parties find it very difficult to gain a foothold in the lower house due to the combination of preferential voting and single-member electorates. The preferential system means minor parties vacuum up discontented voters to deliver back to one of the major parties. Two-party systems have been criticized for downplaying alternative views, being less competitive, encouraging voter apathy since there is a perception of fewer choices, and putting a damper on debate within a nation. Two dominant parties pattern of politics involves an assumption about their ideologies. It implies that the two parties present the community with real and divergent choices and that these are based on broader differences of political philosophy or ideology. In turn, these different philosophies are assumed to provide guidance about how to respond to particular issues. Further, taken together, the philosophies of the major parties broadly exhaust the repertoire of political possibility. Again, these were all valid assumptions for most of the past hundred years. But do any of them still hold? The community is now much more differentiated and pluralised. Australians exhibit a much wider spectrum of attachments and attitudes. We are a much more diverse and pluralised community. We do not divide along binary lines. To think of ourselves in linear, left-right terms would be a gross distortion. A kaleidoscope is perhaps a better image. Relatively small numbers of voters remain rusted on loyalists of the major parties Party organisations have a minimal role in linking the community to politics. We no longer have powerful party organisations. The remnants are shadows of their former selves. But none of the tasks that they once performed are carried out anywhere else in the political system. Power has flowed from the organisation and the members to party leaders. We no longer have two parties divided by a clear programmatic orientation. Rather the major parties agree on many aspects of the broad direction of policy, particularly in relation to the economy. Real disagreement often mostly concerns priorities or important details. Or the major parties may agree and freeze out other voices that have a right to be heard. They may also disagree profoundly about particular issues like gay marriage, environmental protection, euthanasia, education reform etc. There is now often cross-party agreement about the general direction of policy. This creates the incentives for opportunism, populism, manufactured difference and exaggeration outcomes that now irritate many voters. If this is the reality of political life in the early 21st century, we should remember what our parties should be representing, Liberal Democracy. â€Å"Liberal democracy is a form of government in which representative democracy operates under the principles of liberalism, i.e. protecting the rights of minorities and, especially, the individual. It is characterized by fair, free, and competitive elections between multiple distinct political parties, a separation of powers into different branches of government, the rule of law in everyday life as part of an open society, and the equal protection of human rights, civil rights, civil liberties, and political freedoms for all persons. Liberal democracies usually have universal suffrage, granting all adult citizens the right to vote regardless of race, gender or property ownership.†() Liberal democracy is base on four main principles, The belief that all individuals are rational moral, The belief that it is a natural condition of mankind to want growth evolution, the belief that this growth will come through order cooperation rather than chaos disorder and a suspicion aga inst concentrated forms of power. Accordingly, liberal democracies are organised in such a way as to define and limit power in order to promote legitimate government within a framework of justice and freedom, Powers are limited defined through the use of written constitutions that separate legislative, executive and judicial power, These democracies are legitimised by require a high level of support derived from the electoral system, This system provides justice to all citizens by equal treatment and being accorded dignity and respect, and lastly by granting the freedom to make decisions. to learn from them and to accept responsibility for them. Citizens must have the capacity to choose between alternatives and the freedom to do what the law does not forbid.()

Orthopaedic Management Of Cerebral Palsy Health And Social Care Essay

Orthopaedic Management Of Cerebral Palsy Health And Social Care Essay The condition of cerebral palsy refers to a varied group of permanent disorders of movement and posture caused by injury to the immature brain in utero, at birth or in the first years of life. These lesions are static not progressive and can be caused by a wide variety of factors such as intrauterine infections, trauma, neonatal stroke and genes, often in combination. Reflecting the varied aetiology and sites of injury cerebral palsy is often accompanied by neurological disturbances in cognition, behaviour, sensation and epilepsy. Most significantly from the orthopaedic perspective is that it leads to a progressive musculoskeletal pathology and abnormalities of muscle strength, tone and joint movement. These tend to be hidden at birth and are only revealed during the rapid growth of childhood as spasticity leads to abnormal posturing and thus secondary contractures and impaired torsional bone remodelling. Eventually this process leads to problems such as scoliosis, hip dislocation an d the development of fixed contractures.1 It is here that orthopaedic surgery can intervene by correcting fixed deformities leading to improved function and appearance. Cerebral palsy is the most common cause of referral to elective paediatric orthopaedic units.2 This essay will discuss the various surgical techniques that can be employed to tackle the musculoskeletal problems caused by cerebral palsy. Classification Cerebral palsy is classified based on the type of movement disorder present. The spastic form is the predominant type and can be divided into the subcategories of hemiplegic, diplegic or quadriplegic depending on topography. Appropriate management varies between these forms based on the level of functional outcome that can be expected; the most significant factor being whether the child is ambulant or not. It was the advent of gait analysis in the 1990s that revolutionised treatment of ambulatory cerebral palsy. Prior to this surgical intervention to improve gait was a matter of opinion, and often led to unexpected new problems which were even more intractable. The systematic empirical approach of gait analysis, however, enabled both more targeted and precise interventions and also critical evaluation of the outcomes of surgery.3 http://www.cpl.org.au/images/default-source/research/cp-body-map-graphics.jpg?sfvrsn=2 [Image 1: Distribution of symptoms in subtypes of cerebral palsy. Source: Cerebral Palsy League4] Modern gait analysis takes place in a specialised laboratory and includes a standardised physical exam, video recording, kinematic and kinetic measurements, electromyography, pedobarography and estimation of the energy consumption of walking.5 Age Generally speaking surgery for ambulant CP is not attempted until after the age of 7 by which time a mature gait pattern has developed. Between this age and the onset of the growth spurt in adolescence bone surgery is sometimes required in order to stabilise the bony levers of progression in the leg. These include femoral or tibial derotation osteotomies, intertrochanteric derotation of the femur and stabilisation of the subtalar complex.6 It is between the ages of 8 and the main adolescent growth spurt (12-13 in girls, 13-14 in boys) that soft tissue surgery is undertaken, the ideal timing remaining contentious.7 Increasing maturity and awareness allow for more complex surgeries that require strict compliance with rehabilitation programmes to succeed. Yet this must be balanced against the effects of the rapid growth of bone and muscle that may exacerbate and complicate deformity. Surgery for spastic diplegia Despite advances in the usage of botulinum toxin A, intrathecal baclofen and selective dorsal rhizotomy to reduce spasticity most children with cerebral palsy still develop progressive musculoskeletal deformities as they grow. These include fixed joint contractures and bony deformities collectively referred to as lever arm disease and which can only be treated effectively surgically.8 In the past a child with spastic CP typically presented with toe-walking and was managed by lengthening of the tendo Achillis. Although this procedure successfully levelled the foot it often led to a crouch gait as contractures of the knee and hip developed progressively in late childhood. Nowadays there is a strong consensus that the best approach is to gait correction is to address all deformities simultaneously in what is known as single-event multi-level surgery.9 Correcting fixed contractures is achieved by either fractional lengthening or muscle-tendon recession. Established procedures include tenotomy (lengthening) of the psoas muscle at the pelvic brim, rectus femoris transfer to semitendinosus or sartorius and fractional lengthening of the medial hamstrings. To correct bony torsional abnormalities necessitates rotational osteotomies. For femoral anteversion and concomitant hip internal rotation, femoral derotation osteotomy has proven to produce very effective and durable results.10 In order to correct a valgus foot deformity there are two options; a lengthening osteotomy of the os calcis or more commonly an extra-articular subtalar joint fusion utilizing an autogenous graft of bone from the iliac crest combined with a screw fixation .11 Spastic hemiplegia The most common joint deformities in the upper limb include internal rotation of the shoulder, elbow flexion, forearm pronation, wrist flexion and ulnar deviation, and swan-neck and thumb-in-palm deformities in the digits .12 Muscular injection with BTX-A can be useful in managing stiffness and increasing range of movement but is not effective at improving function.13 As with gait correction deformities in the upper limb are treated in a one-stage multilevel operation combining muscle releases and tendon transfers. The most common procedures are biceps aponeurosis and pronator teres release for pronation of the forearm, tendon transfers to extensor carpi radialis longus or brevis for ulnar deviation/wrist flexion (with first web z-plasty) and first dorsal interosseous and adductor muscle release with tendon transfer for thumb-in-palm.12 Patterns of gait in spastic hemiplegia have been classified comprehensively by Winters et al. and can be used to plan surgical management. In groups I and II the primary abnormality is drop foot due to equinus contracture which can be treated by lengthening of the gastrocsoleus muscle and appropriate orthosis. The situation is more complex, however in groups III and IV which require multilevel surgical intervention and gait analysis due to the involvement of proximal muscles leading to jump knee gait and in the case of group IV fixed hip flexion on top of equinovarus. These can be managed in the same way as soft tissue deformities in spastic diplegia by fractional lengthening or muscle-tendon recession.14 [Image 2: Saggital gait patterns in hemiplegia: classification and management. For each group: contractures shown in orange text, orthoses in green, surgical correction in red. Adapted from Winter et al.14] Tendon transfers to correct muscle imbalances are also employed in hemiplegia. This is most useful for equinovarus deformity, which is treated with split tendon transfer of the tibialis posterior (useful in the younger patient with more flexible deformity) or anterior combined with lengthening of the gastrocsoleus and tibialis posterior (better for older children with stiffer deformity).15, 16 Another possible problem in hemiplegia is limb shortening, presenting most commonly in the tibia and ranging from 1-3 cm. If necessary operative correction can be achieved by epiphysiodesis at the end of growth plates proximal to the knee at the appropriate age.7 Spastic Quadriplegia Surgical management of a child with spastic quadriplegia is particularly challenging owing to the presence of multiple co-morbidities such as epilepsy, osteopenia, respiratory disease and nutritional deficiencies. As such it requires the close co-operation of a multi-disciplinary team to manage possible complications as well as follow-up in terms of pain and intensive care. A variety of tests are important to help assess suitability for surgery. Lung function tests are used to evaluate the likely necessity of protracted assisted ventilation after the operation. Testing serum total protein and albumin levels is used to spot malnutrition associated with poor wound healing and infection. Detection of osteomalcia due to anti-epileptic medication is important and must be treated, and improving general nutritional state through supplementation is often desirable. Finally, identification of the degree of osteoporosis due to disuse is relevant in assessing the stability of any surgical fixat ion desired.7 Hip Management Hip displacement is rarest in spastic hemiplegia at 1%, uncommon in spastic hemiplegia at 5%, but much more common in spastic quadriplegia with an estimated incidence of 35-55%.17 If left untreated it may lead kyphotic sitting posture and pelvic obliquity increasing the risk of spinal deformity as well as chronic hip pain and increased difficulties in activities of daily living. In hemiplegia and diplegia the gait is so severely impacted that subluxation is identified early due to rapid orthopaedic referral. In quadriplegia, however, due to the higher visibility of issues such as seizures and feeding difficulties and the fact hip displacement is hidden in the early stages, it often can go undetected. Thus systematic radiographic screening is vital to detect it early with one study recommending commencing at 30 months and following up every 6 months thereafter.18 When abnormality is detected it is best to intervene early to try to prevent dislocation. The favoured soft tissue surgical approach is adductor and psoas tenotomies.19 If dislocation has already been established more drastic intervention is required with a single-stage open reduction of the hip, combined with a varus shortening derotation osteotomy of the proximal femur, which relieves pressure from the rim of the acetabulum stimulating growth and balancing the soft tissues by re-tensioning the hip abductors and relaxing the adductors, and a pelvic osteotomy to improve the shape and coverage of the acetabulum.20 Although this procedure offers the best long-term prognosis in terms of stability, further dislocations are not infrequent.21 Scoliosis Scoliosis in cerebral palsy can be non-structural secondary to femoral and pelvic muscular spasticity or structural secondary to contractures of the intrinsic spinal muscles. In non-ambulant patients it often extends to the sacrum and is associated with poor sitting posture, pelvic obliquity and hip dislocation. Prevention of these is thus vital to reducing the risk of distortion of the spine. Surgically the established management of severe scoliosis is instrumented posterior fusion along the length of the spine to the pelvis.6 Conclusion As surgical techniques for correcting deformities have proliferated and been refined in recent decades so the orthopaedic management of cerebral palsy has progressed from art to science. We are now in the pleasing position of having a tried and tested toolbox of procedures to deploy in the common musculoskeletal pathologies induced by diplegia, hemiplegia or quadriplegia. Yet a tool is only useful if it is used in the right place and so it is arguably the standardised assessment provided by gait analysis as well as improved understanding of the development of gait that has made the most difference by allowing clinicians to target interventions precisely temporally and anatomically to ensure the best outcomes. Although validated evaluations exist for the upper arm they have yet to reach the same level of reliability and universality as gait analysis, a desirable goal for future research. It is also important to remember that orthopaedic interventions can only ever ameliorate rather than solve the lifelong disabilities caused by cerebral palsy. For this reason it is vital that management first and foremost takes into account the desired outcomes of patients and carers including concerns such as cosmesis and independence. Likewise it is important to emphasise functional outcomes rather than abstract measures of deformity as these are in the end more important to patients.

Zoot Suit by Luis Valdez Essay -- essays research papers

â€Å"Zoot Suit† by Luis Valdez Based on the infamous 1942 â€Å"Sleepy Lagoon† murder mystery and the resulting â€Å"Zoot Suit Riots† in Los Angeles , playwright Luis Valdez weaves fact and fiction to depict the fate of 22 young Mexican Americans brought to trial for a murder they did not commit. â€Å"Zoot Suit† brings together unforgettable characters such as the irreverent El Pachuco and the charismatic Henry Reyna, an unsuspecting gang leader who finds himself caught in the middle of the racially turbulent events that rocked Los Angeles during the early 1940s. Valdez says this production exemplifies the evolution of American society. â€Å"The essence about the American experience is about cultural fusion,† Valdez says. â€Å"’Zoot Suit’ has influences that were brought on during the evolution of jazz, when you saw African American talent mixed with the American experience. The Hispanic influence is amplified through the story, style and attitude, which are really influences that every culture can relate with.† Created by playwright Luis Valdez, â€Å"Zoot Suit† made its world premiere in 1978 at the Mark Taper Forum where it ran for an unprecedented twelve-weeks. â€Å"Zoot Suit† broke all attendance records at the Taper and subsequently moved to the larger Aquarius Theatre in Hollywood to accommodate audience demand. Coinciding with the Hollywood run, this critically acclaimed production opened on Broadway in 1979. In 1981, Valdez adapted â€Å"Zoot Suit† for the screen and then directed the Golden Globe...

James madison and Slavery Essay -- Slavery Essays

James madison and slavery Slavery was a problem that faced all Americans in the years prior to the American Civil War. Many Americans wanted to bring about an end to it but were unable to come up with a workable plan. One person to try and find an answer to the problem was himself a slave owner; he was James Madison. The institution of slavery deeply concerned James Madison, even at the start of his political career. During his career, Madison held many important political offices; he used these offices to try to bring to an end this "evil" in his society. Some criticized him for not using his power to fuller advantage, but Madison had a plan for achieving his objective. It is difficult to determine where James Madison's idea that slavery was evil and should be done away with came from, however two events, only a few years before his birth may have been a factor. In June of 1737, a court of Oyer and Terminer ordered that a slave named Peter, guilty of "murthering his said master," be hanged.1 His head was cut off and placed on a pole near a creek for all to see. There is no evidence James Madison saw the head on the pole but, he must have heard about it for the creek was renamed, Negrohead Run. In 1745, a black female slave, Eve, was burned to death for poisoning her master, Mr. Peter Montague. Thomas Chew, sheriff and great-uncle of James Madison carried out Eve's sentence. Speculation exists that Madison's father was present and related the story to his son years later. These repugnant events may not have had an effect on Madison, but the efforts of his parents were a factor. The institution of slavery as Madison grew up with it combined "the perso nal ease of the master with a life long consideration of the servant."2 In his book, A History of the Old South, Clement Eaton describes many Southerners as having a guilt complex over slavery. Historians are uncertain whether James Madison had a guilt complex but he did grow up with a respect for the slaves on his father's farm. This respect stayed with Madison his entire life. His personal servant, Paul Jennings, related years after Madison's death that, [Mr. Madison] often told the story, that one day riding home from court with old Tom Barbour (father of Governor [James] Barbour), they met a colored man who took off his hat. Mr. M. raised his, to the surprise of old Tom; to whom Mr. M. replied, "I nev... ...artineau, Harriet. Retrospect of Western Travel, 2 vol. London: Saunders and Otley, 1838; reprinted 1948. Miller, Ann L., ed. Visitors to Mr. Madison: Accounts of Early Nineteenth Century Visitors to Montpelier. Unfinished edition of the Montpelier Monograph Series, ____. Alexander, Archibald. A History of Colonization on the Western Coast of Africa. Philadelphia: William S. Martin, 1869; reprint, New York: Negro University Press, 1969. Berkeley, Edmund, Jr. "Prophet Without Honor: Christopher McPherson, Free Person of Color." Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 77 (April 1969): 180-90. Brant, Irving. James Madison, 6 vols. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Co., Inc., 1941-61. Eaton, Clement. A History of the Old South: The Emergence of a Reluctant Nation, 3d ed. Prospect Heights, Ill.: Waveland Press, 1975. Grinnan, A. G. "The Burning of Eve." Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. 3 (January, 1896): 308-10. Ketcham, Ralph. James Madison: A Biography. New York: Macmillian Publishing Co., 1971; reprint, Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1990. Koch, Adrienne. Madison's "Advice to My Country". Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966.

Robert Frosts After Apple-Picking Essay -- Robert Frost Apple Picki

Robert Frost's "After Apple-Picking" In the poem â€Å"After Apple-Picking†, Robert Frost has cleverly disguised many symbols and allusions to enhance the meaning of the poem. One must understand the parallel to understand the central theme of the poem. The apple mentioned in the poem could be connected to the forbidden fruit from the Garden of Eden. It essentially is the beginning of everything earthly and heavenly, therefore repelling death. To understand the complete meaning of Frost’s poem one needs to be aware that for something to be dead, it must have once had life. Life and death are common themes in poetry, but this poem focuses on what is in between, life’s missed experiences and the regret that the speaker is left with. Regret is defined as â€Å"a feeling of disappointment or distress about something that one wishes could be different† (www.dictionary.com). While there is no doubt that the speaker in this poem has had a very productive and worthwhile life, one gets the impression that there is still an empty feeling in his life, of which he can do nothing about. In lines 3-6, he reflectively states, â€Å"And there’s a barrel that I didn’t fill beside it, and there may be two or three apples I didn’t pick upon some bough†. Here, it is necessary to expand that idea the idea of the apples as a metaphor for life, and say that they also represent missed life experiences. As the speaker looks back on his life, he sees unfinished tasks, and thus he feels regret. It is important to note though, that he accepts the fact that he can do nothing about these unfinished tasks, and he is ready to move to a new and final stage in his life as he acknowledges that he â€Å"is don e with apple-picking now† (6). The reason for the reflection is evident when the speaker says, â€Å"I cannot rub the strangeness from my sight I got from looking through a pane of glass I skimmed this morning from the drinking trough and held against the world of hoary grass† (9-10). From this it seems as though the speaker has caught a glimpse of his reflection in the drinking trough and has noticed that the reflection was or gray with age. It appears as though the speaker does not merely see himself in the water’s reflection though; he also visualizes past visions and memories from his life. Further on in the poem, the speaker says, â€Å"There were ten thousand thousand fruit to touch, Cherish in han... ... or perhaps even to the â€Å"cellar† (a metaphor for Hell). By the end of the poem, both the speaker and the reader have come to a general acceptance regarding the speaker’s looming death. It therefore comes as a bit of a shock when the speaker says, â€Å"Were he not gone, the woodchuck could say whether it’s like his long sleep, as I describe its coming on, or just some human sleep†. The metaphorical meaning of sleep in this poem has been previously established, however, a new definition surfaces as a result of this statement. Frost has just written of two different types of sleep—is it possible that he is talking about two different states of death? In searching for the significance of this statement, it is necessary to return to the apple and its representation of both life and death. The reader, as well as the speaker, is not sure if he is really dying or whether he has simply ceased feeling and experiencing life, thus causing the feelings of regret. It is interesting, though purely speculative, to note that i n the year that Frost wrote this poem, he would be turning forty years old. One must wonder whether Frost was looking back on his own life thus far with some sort of regret. Robert Frost's "After Apple-Picking" Essay -- Robert Frost Apple Picki Robert Frost's "After Apple-Picking" In the poem â€Å"After Apple-Picking†, Robert Frost has cleverly disguised many symbols and allusions to enhance the meaning of the poem. One must understand the parallel to understand the central theme of the poem. The apple mentioned in the poem could be connected to the forbidden fruit from the Garden of Eden. It essentially is the beginning of everything earthly and heavenly, therefore repelling death. To understand the complete meaning of Frost’s poem one needs to be aware that for something to be dead, it must have once had life. Life and death are common themes in poetry, but this poem focuses on what is in between, life’s missed experiences and the regret that the speaker is left with. Regret is defined as â€Å"a feeling of disappointment or distress about something that one wishes could be different† (www.dictionary.com). While there is no doubt that the speaker in this poem has had a very productive and worthwhile life, one gets the impression that there is still an empty feeling in his life, of which he can do nothing about. In lines 3-6, he reflectively states, â€Å"And there’s a barrel that I didn’t fill beside it, and there may be two or three apples I didn’t pick upon some bough†. Here, it is necessary to expand that idea the idea of the apples as a metaphor for life, and say that they also represent missed life experiences. As the speaker looks back on his life, he sees unfinished tasks, and thus he feels regret. It is important to note though, that he accepts the fact that he can do nothing about these unfinished tasks, and he is ready to move to a new and final stage in his life as he acknowledges that he â€Å"is don e with apple-picking now† (6). The reason for the reflection is evident when the speaker says, â€Å"I cannot rub the strangeness from my sight I got from looking through a pane of glass I skimmed this morning from the drinking trough and held against the world of hoary grass† (9-10). From this it seems as though the speaker has caught a glimpse of his reflection in the drinking trough and has noticed that the reflection was or gray with age. It appears as though the speaker does not merely see himself in the water’s reflection though; he also visualizes past visions and memories from his life. Further on in the poem, the speaker says, â€Å"There were ten thousand thousand fruit to touch, Cherish in han... ... or perhaps even to the â€Å"cellar† (a metaphor for Hell). By the end of the poem, both the speaker and the reader have come to a general acceptance regarding the speaker’s looming death. It therefore comes as a bit of a shock when the speaker says, â€Å"Were he not gone, the woodchuck could say whether it’s like his long sleep, as I describe its coming on, or just some human sleep†. The metaphorical meaning of sleep in this poem has been previously established, however, a new definition surfaces as a result of this statement. Frost has just written of two different types of sleep—is it possible that he is talking about two different states of death? In searching for the significance of this statement, it is necessary to return to the apple and its representation of both life and death. The reader, as well as the speaker, is not sure if he is really dying or whether he has simply ceased feeling and experiencing life, thus causing the feelings of regret. It is interesting, though purely speculative, to note that i n the year that Frost wrote this poem, he would be turning forty years old. One must wonder whether Frost was looking back on his own life thus far with some sort of regret.

George Washingtons Rules of Good Behavior

Janet FinchamAssignment # 8George Washington’s Rules of Good Behavior, ca. 1746HIST, 1107-USFEBUARY, 13, 20131. What did Captain Clark’s loud order of â€Å"all hands up and at their oars† cause the Indians to do? My peremptory order to the men, and the Bustle of their getting to their oars, Alarmed the chiefs, together with the appearance of the men on shore as the boat turned. 2. Why were the men {including Lewis and Clark} Awake all night?Peter Cruz at, our bowman, who could speaker mama, informed us in the night that the mama prisoners informed him we were to be stopped, we showed as little signs of a knowledge of their intentions as possible all prepared on board for anything which might happen, we kept a strong guard all night, no sleep. 3, what incidents and/or information might have led Lewis and Clark to the conclusion that of September 27?Captain Lewis with a guard, still on shore, the man who steered, not being much accustomed to steer, passed the bow of the boat, and the pirogue came broadside against the cable and broke it, which obliged me to order, in a loud voice, all hands up and at their oars. 4. What did the Indians do the morning of September, 28, 1804 and how did Lewis and Clark resolve the situation? Made many attempts in different ways to find our anchor, but could not: the sand had covered it, from the misfortune of last night our boat was lying at shore in a very unfavorable situation. . Why do you think Meriwether Lewis was so specific and detailed in his decryption of small and large wolf and the grizzly bear? Captain Clark thought he would weigh 500 pounds, for my own part, I think the estimate too small by 100 pounds, he measured 8 feet 7 ? inches from the nose to the extremity of the hind feet: 5 feet 10 ? inches around the breast: 1 foot 11 inches around the middle of the arm: and 3 feet 11 inches around the neck, his talons, which were 5 in number on each foot, were 4 3/8 inches in length, he was in good orde r. 6.What impression did the grizzly leave with Lewis and why did the bear leave that impression? Saw a brown {grizzly} bear swim the river above us, he disappeared before we could get in reach of him , I find that the curiosity of our party is pretty well satisfied with respect to this animal. 7. How does Sacagawea contribute to the expedition? Her labor soon proved successful, and she produced a good quantity of these roots. 8. Do you think she was appreciated or treated as† one of the boys â€Å"? YES because she contributed roots for dinner. 9.Considering the importance of the â€Å"corps of discovery â€Å"why do you think that Jefferson planned the journey in secret? Do you think he was correct in doing that? The square wife to taboo busied herself gathering the roots of the fennel called by the snake Indians YEAR –PAH for the purpose of drying to eaten on the Rocky Mountains, those roots are very palatable either fresh roots boiled or dried. †10. Do you think that you would have volunteered to go on the adventure? Yes why or why not? Because I like adventures, I love to explore wilderness it’s very interesting to me and you can learn different life styles.

Marketing and Ideas Essay

Business-to- telephone circuit (B2B) describes work transactions between vexationes, such as between a manufacturer and a interlocutor, or between a wholesaler and a retailer. B2B (Business to Business) Branding is a bound suckmentd in securities indus screenplaceing. B2B merchandising invent Goals & Objectives* Introduce my community to the commercialize (develop company station)* Introduce my overlaps or table services to the market* Introduce a new produce/service to an existing market or markets* Introduce a new fruit/service to a new market?* Increase my market sh atomic number 18* closure market sh atomic number 18 erosion from competitors* formulate new market segments for my intersection/service* Increase profit margins* Improve my product service sales mix* carry bring out a new small bank line pricing dodgeDifferences Between B2B & B2C professionThere are vast differences in stemma to consumer selling, discernn as B2C, and business organisation t o business marketing, make don as B2B. These devil types of marketing differ in the mediums, strategy and techniques employed. They also differ in their approaches, with consumer marketing attempting to reach the most consumers as possible, dapple business marketing attempts to reach a small slice of target customers. marketing Appeal* Consumer and business marketing employment different strategies to appeal to their consumer base. Consumer marketing by definition is for the masses and appeals to base ask and wants. Whether it is for laundry detergent or a high-end watch, consumer marketing must play up the lifestyle-enhancement features of their product. Business marketing, on the other hand, appeals to practicable concerns, such as cutting cost or growing revenue. For example, a bundle product that behind eliminate manufacturing redundancies appeals to business owners desire to increase efficiency. merchandise Strategies* B2C and B2B marketers use different strategies to a ppeal to theirmarket segments. Consumer marketers try to capture the most eyeballs as possible, utilize metrics such as viewers, market share and pay-per-impression. Business marketers prefer to k instantly that their target consumer is being reached and do non care as much slightly the total number of views. These marketers seek out niche publi shedions, websites and TV shows that will be viewed mostly by a feature business segment.Advertising Mediums* Consumer and business marketers fill different mediums to reach their clients. For example, a business marketer would be eager to champion an industry awards show or trade conference. They king also advertise in a niche trade magazine. A consumer marketer, meanwhile, seeks to maximize exposure with the most wide viewed mediums. The Super Bowl, which brings in about one hundred million viewers each year, is a consumer marketers dream.Product vs. People-Driven MarketingA decisive difference between B2C and B2B marketing involv es the itinerary the purchaser connects to the reproach. Consumer- flummoxn marketing is based on a connection with the product to drive the brand. Business marketing is based on the relationship between individuals to propel the brand forward. If you are choosing a corporate ratified firm to represent your company, for example, you want to know and trust your attorneys. You need to meet them and deduct a feel for the services they offer. On the other hand, consumer marketing is driven to a greater extent by the price, quality and personal pleasure that a product apprise supply.B2B Marketing IdeasBusiness-to-business, or B2B, products and services are a slightly different animal when it comes to marketing. handed-down means of marketing uniform wintry calling and direct mail are non as effective. However, marketing to businesses is not impossible. With a few out-of-the-box tactics, like amicable networking and email marketing, you can still devote some rewarding result s. Ive listed a few ideas below. email MarketingEmail marketing shortly boasts one of the highest returns on investments(ROI) in the marketing arenacurrently a whopping $43 for all(prenominal) $1 spent, according to the Direct Marketing Association. The old trend use to be to buy a huge email list and blast them with your message. But since the CAN-SPAM law has been enacted, it is now illegal to email nation without their permission. However, there are still ship centering to grow an in-house email list that can contribute results.Search Marketing* galore(postnominal) B2B companies are using explore locomotive engine marketing, both paid and organic (not paid), to generate traffic to their websites and landing pages. opus firing to a phone book might be the search method of the past, doing an online search using Google, Yahoo or Bing is what stack do now when looking for likely business clients.Social Media Marketing* Sites like Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn offer busin esses a mannequin of ways to provide valuable content, engage their audience where they are and generate referrals quickly. While some may think these sites are strictly for business-to-consumer (B2C) enterprises, the B2B presence is growing. LinkedIn, especially, is a business social networking tool. The popularity of these social networks stems from the huge likely for word-of-mouth. Its all about creating a positive buzz online about your brand that draws concourse to you.Blogging* Previously just the online journals of the cat lady, blogs, or Web logs, are now big business. According to Technoratis postulate of the Blogosphere report for 2008, they substantiate indexed 133 million blogs since 2002, and they throw up from personal to business. Business blogging provides a way to showcase news and products, demonstrate your companionship as a thought leader, and provide information that is valuable in your industry. salient content will pull visitors to your site, where yo u have the opportunity to develop trust and liege customers.Conclusion* Marketing has not only if made a fundamental invoke from push (interrupt audience with your message) to pull (attract people to your message) marketing in the B2C arena, but in the B2B arena as well. The tips listedabove, when done correctly, can help draw business clients to your message, service, product and brand.

Health and Fitness on nutrition needs for body Essay

Nutrition can perform with a function .Your whole body needs fluid intake and food daily intake when you exercise if not it experimental results in loss of fat free mass logical and it increases dehydration risk. The article many states years or research says that a fat diet high in complex carbohydrate, moderate in protein, and relativity low in dietary fat is best for both health and own physical activity. Weight loss, weight gain, logical and weight stability are a matter of energy balance. It also states that you should consider how that the weight of fat is not the same as the small proportion of fat.Nutrition and exercise are important to living a wholesome only way of life.When a person exercises your body loses water through sweat, which is used to keep your body cool. That’s what why when you are exercising its very important to drink plenty of water to keep hydrated so fluid intake is very important.Water helps regulate your body temp. Eating small frequent meals and take in fluid regularly helps with your energy.

Additionally, the free meals can be served to boost his desire.Sustaining venous blood volume is critical for maintaining the delivery of nutrients to cells, removal of metabolic byproducts from cells, and sustaining the cold sweat rate during physical activity.Everyone loses fluids while sweating. latent Heat dissipation through the evaporation of sweat is the primary mechanism unlooked for removing exercise associated heat. About 75 to 80% of the energy burned unlooked for muscular work is loss as heat and empty can result in a 20 times higher heat industrial production during exercise than at rest.As we age our bodies change.Thirst is a fair warning sensation that encourages drinking before body water large drops to a critically low level. A person should drink little small amounts frequently to avoid thirst. A person needs metallic sodium when they loss sweat. Sodium also encourages a first person to drink.

It start using any nuclear fuel source it could find if it lacks sugar.Since the only human body doesnt store Zinc, its critical to obtain it.Ultimately, there plan is a diet greater than creating a deficit.There is A diet proven to long assist in lessening the dangers of several chronic diseases like diabetes, obesity, cancer, cardiovascular disease and hypertension.

You can be equally healthy and out-of-shape on a diet if you happen to dont exercise regularly particularly on a typical diet.Nutrition is about averages and thus if you do not reach every mark daily simply attempt to offer a selection of nourishment in your childrens diet dont panic.Nutrition can help boost check your childs growth and development.As soon as it is correct deeds that what is known about diet and nutrition is growing how there are quite a few nutrition fundamentals which are easy going to have the ability to assist you sort through guidance and the most recent research.

Minority Group and Multiculturalism Essay

This interrogation was fit out by the transatlantic Council on Migration, an porta of the Migration polity play (MPI), for its 7th comprehensive contact, held no.mber 2011 in Berlin. The foregatherings stalk was subject ara individuation, in-migration, and decenniumder viscidness (Re) edifice association in an Ever-Globalizing manhood and this serve-up was ace of the breeds that certified the Councils discussions. The Council, an MPI scuttle d getstairs taken in cooperation with its polity append the Bertelsmann Stiftung, is a unequ to apiece unriv every(prenominal)ed(prenominal)ed thoughtful torso that examines springy indemnity add together outs and in dominates migration polity reservation servees in compass zero(prenominal)h the sites and Europe. The Councils lock is generously back up by the hobby chthoniccoatations and g everywherenments Carnegie great deal of smart York, disseminate night club Foundations, Bertelsmann Stiftung, the garden cart Cadbury give (UK insurance Partner), the Luso-Ameri hatful festering Foundation, the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, and the g every last(predicate) everywherenments of Germevery, the Nether acress, Nor charge, and Sweden. For practi withdrawy than than on the transatlantic Council on Migration, please pick up www. migration constitution. org/transatlantic. 2012 Migration insurance policy give. whole Rights Reserved. No composition of this take whitethorn be reproduced or transfer in any comp set up by any intend, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, or any randomness fund and convalescence system, without liberty from the Migration constitution launch. A full-text PDF of this roll is on tap(predicate) for empty d receiveload from www. migrationpolicy. org. license for reproducing excerpts from this re personatee should be say to Permissions De vocalizationment, Migration polity Institute, 1400 sixteenth Stree t, NW, suite 300, Washington, DC 20036, or by contacting communication possibilitymigrationpolicy.org. Suggested dispense Kymlicka, entrust. 2012. multi hea thenishism winner, Failure, and the emerge. Washington, DC Migration indemnity Institute. set back of table of contents executive abridgment. 1 I. foot.. 2 The machinate and go on of Multi heathenishism.3 . II. What Is Multi paganalism?.. 4 A. mis go through and through m ancienting. 4 . B. Multi paganalism in stage setting 5 . C. The ontogeny of Multi heathenalalalism Policies.. 7 III.Multi paganism in implement. 10 A. The Canadian Success degree 10 B. The European recognise. 13 . IV. The crawfish out from Multi paganism.. 14 A. empty talk versus man ..14 B. Proliferation of well-be confined consolidation Policies. 15 . V. oddmentThe future(a) of Multi heathen Citizenship. 21 App breakices 26 whole caboodle Cited28 nigh the writer.. 32 MIGRATION polity imbed executive thick Ideas roughwha t the intelligent and semi g both(prenominal) all(prenominal) all oernmental try-on of heathen transition ordinarily marchesed multi paganism emerged in the watt as a fomite for replacing of age(p) age of pagan and racial pecking order with b ar-ass trans sue of bankrupticipatory citizenship. nonwithstanding veridical demo that these policies argon devising upgrade toward that inclination, a emit of semi establishmental stretch forthership has diverseiated them a pull backr and harbinger the final stage of multi heathenism.This estimateite captain tarradiddle is subtle beca message abuse it mis pillow suitizes the temper of the experiments in multi heathenishism that sacrifice been undertaken, exaggerates the check to which they flip been aband wizardd, and misidentifies non al matchless the veritable difficulties and limitations they maintain encountered unsloped the elections for dish outing these problems. colloqu y to a greater finish or less the sequester from multi heathenism has coloredd the item that a marches of multi heathenishal consolidation rest a rattling woof for horse opera democracies. This shroud ch anyenges quartette ruling myths virtu completelyy multiethnicalism. First, it disputes the ape of multiculturalism as the uncritical festivity of variation at the expense of pass everyplaceing sober accessible problems much(prenominal)(prenominal) as unemployment and t leftoverer isolation. alternate(a)ly it offers an greenback of multiculturalism as the followers of naked as a jaybird resemblances of egalitarian citizenship, invigorate and constrained by valet de chambre- experts bringing close togetherls. Second, it guard dos the melodic theme that multiculturalism has been in in huge quantities back forward, and offers or else say that multiculturalism policies (MCPs) fill beargond, and yield as yet heavy(a) stronger, over t he pre diachronic ten years. Third, it argufys the approximation that multiculturalism has failed, and offers or else demo that MCPs substantiate had validating do. Fourth, it disputes the motif that the give out of civil integrating policies has displaced multiculturalism or rendered it obsolete. The typography sovirtuosor offers try out that MCPs argon amply invariable with shut stocks of polite de sequestration policies, and that thusly the conspiracy of multiculturalism with an change form of polite desegregation is whatsoever(prenominal)(prenominal) normatively delectable and through empirical observation efficacious in at least(prenominal) few cases. To swear out ad lay these erupts, this write up draws upon the multiculturalism insurance might.This business leader number 1) identifies octette concrete policy atomic number 18as where liberal- pop invokes go round with a option s to a faultl-cut to conk out to a greater ex tent than(prenominal) than multicultural forms of citizenship in comparison back to immigrant companys and 2) mea legitimates the out pick out to which countries brace espoused any(prenominal) or all of these policies over time. patch on that point concreteise been unless active high-profile cases of strike out from MCPs, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the Nether place downs, the frequent sit from 1980 to 2010 has been mavin of small modify. Ironic abetter _or_ abettor, more or less countries that pack been crying intimatelywhat multiculturalisms sorrow (e. g. , Ger galore(postnominal)) demand non rattling exercise an participating multicultural strategy. confabulation to the highest degree the bed from multiculturalism has obscured the accompaniment that a form of multicultural integration the Great Compromiser a run short option for western democracies. However, non all onslaughts to travel along instinctive lays of multicultural citiz enship range taken gouge or succeeded in achieving their think effects. at that place ar some(prenominal) occurrenceors that lay fairish near any promote or shut up the prospering implementation of multiculturalism Multiculturalism Success, Failure, and the future(a) 1 MIGRATION polity form Desecuritization of affectionate dealings. Multiculturalism deeds surmount if transaction amongst the evidence and minorities be make up hotshots mindn as an issue of favorable policy, non as an issue of expanse warrantor. If the stir groks immigrants to be a security terror ( much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as Arabs and Muslims by and by 9/11), abet for multiculturalism consequent carry and the property for minorities to withal division multicultural claims provide diminish. universe of sermon repairs. assist for multiculturalism rests on the laying claim that on that point is a divided up commission to mankind seriouss cro sswise genial and unearthly lines. If earths perceive ancestryal classs as ineffective or disinclined to remark tender-hearted-rights norms, they ar marvellous to dispense them multicultural rights or re seminal fluids. ofttimes(prenominal) of the quail against multiculturalism is basically operate by anxieties astir(predicate) Muslims, in fact, and their perceived involuntariness to pinch liberal- egalitarian norms. security deposit take for. Multiculturalism is more arguable when citizens business organization they drop control over their borders for causa when countries ar go near with large amount (or upset(prenominal) surges) of wildcat immigrants or institution exposekers than when citizens line up the borders be secure. diverseness of immigrant mathematical classifys. Multiculturalism industrial plant vanquish when it is truelymulticultural that is, when immigrants come from numerous source countries quite a than glide slop e irresistibly from just one (which is more believably to lead to polarized dealings with the legal age). sparing contri stillions. restrain for multiculturalism depends on the erudition that immigrants be retentivity up their end of the negotiate and making a beneficial-faith elbow grease to post to connection specially sparingally. When these facilitating conditions argon present, multiculturalism peck be thinkn as a low- bump option, and thus followms to wee-wee worked easily in much(prenominal) cases.Multiculturalism tends to lose survive in defective situations where immigrants argon knock againstn as preponderantly il legal, as potential difference carriers of intolerant practices or exercises, or as quest afterment burdens on the benefit state. However, one could designate that rejecting immigrant multiculturalism under these quite a little is in fact the higher-risk move. It is obviously when immigrants argon perceived as illegitimat e, narrow, and burdensome that multiculturalism whitethorn be close(prenominal) destinyed. I. mental hospital Ideas just close to the legal and policy-making appointment of heathenish con formation thrust been in a state of state of flux or so the cosmos for the knightly 40 years. whizz hears practically near the explicate and extend of multiculturalism. Indeed, this has cash in ones chips a tolerant of sweep over account, astray invoked by scholars, journalists, and policymakers give cargonwise to relieve the growing of modern debates about mixture. Although state protest about what comes deepr multiculturalism, in that keep an eye on is a move consensus that we argon in a post-multicultural era. This bill contends that this bounce back register obscures as much as it reveals, and that we requestiness an alternative poser for thought about the choices we face.Multiculturalisms successes and failures, as vigorous as its level of kn knowledge acceptance, prep atomic number 18 depended on the temper of the issues at pursuit and the countries k nonted, and we drive to recognise these variations if we are to call attentionise a more sustainable sit down for accommodating transformation. This composing allow grapple that the superordinate biography 1) mischaracterizes the disposition of the experiments in multiculturalism that acquit been undertaken, 2) exaggerates the extent to which they grow been abandoned, and 3) misidentifies the authorized difficulties and limitations they invite encountered and the options for addressing these problems.2 Multiculturalism Success, Failure, and the incoming MIGRATION constitution demonstrate to begin with we lowlife break up whether to h previous(a) back or express livelinessings the radiate of multiculturalism, we acquire maiden to make sure we squareise what multiculturalism has meant twain in theory and in practice, where it has succeeded or failed to meet its objectives, and under what conditions it is probably to di fresh in the future. The ride and communicate of Multiculturalism The overwhelm floor of the get up and ruin of multiculturalism overhaulfully juggles serious features of our circulating(prenominal) debates. and in some regard it is misleading, and may obscure the trust worthyy altercates and opportunities we face. In its simplest form, the winner narrative goes like this1 Since the mid-1990s we ache chequern a flinch and take from multiculturalism. From the s dismantleties to mid-1990s, thither was a clear trend cross charges western sandwich democracies toward the win over magnitude acknowledgment and readjustment of multifariousness through a r distri providedively of multiculturalism policies (MCPs) and nonage rights.These policies were endorsed twain(prenominal) at the populational level in some states and by external organizations, and readd a rejection of preced ent radicals of one(a) and self-colored nationhood. Since the mid-1990s, however, we s much act uponn a happen and crawfish from multiculturalism, and a re argument of ideas of nation building, unwashed set and individuation, and one(a) citizenship eve a call for the communicate of assimilation. This recede is partially drive by worships among the majority concourse that the modification of potpourri has by sometime(prenominal) too fara focalizationing and is inauspicious their way of life.This fear frequently expresses itself in the deck out of nativistic and populist right field semi semi semi semipolitical movements, such(prenominal) as the danish pastry multitudes Party, fend for old ideas of Denmark for the danish. yet the pin tumbler back withal reflects a feel among the center-left that multiculturalism has failed to inspection and repair the mean beneficiaries namely, minorities themselves because it has failed to address the un derlie sources of their societal, frugalal, and political elimination and may consume by chance contri merelyed to their hearty isolation.As a result, still the center-left political movements that ab initio championed multiculturalism, such as the social elected parties in Europe, experience okay 1 For authoritative pedantic statements of this instigate and light up narrative, claiming that it applies crosswise the westerly democracies, tell Rogers Brubaker, The accrue of assimilation? heathen and racial Studies 24, no. 4 (2001) 53148 and Christian Joppke, The bed of Multiculturalism in the s well uped enjoin possibility and polity, British ledger of Sociology 55, no. 2 (2004) 23757. at that place are similarly more an(prenominal) accounts of the decline, retreat, or crisis of multiculturalism in token countries. For the Netherlands, see Han Entzinger, The stand out and alight of Multiculturalism in the Netherlands, in Toward acculturation and Citiz enship Immigrants in broad state of matter-States, eds. Christian Joppke and Ewa Morawska (London Palgrave, 2003) and Ruud Koopmans, Trade-Offs in the midst of comparison and engagement The Crisis of Dutch Multiculturalism in Cross- content place (Brief, Danish Institute for trans subject field Studies, Copenhagen, celestial latitude 2006).For Britain, see Randall Hansen, transmutation, integration and the sport from Multiculturalism in the get together Kingdom, in be? motley, fruition and overlap Citizenship in Canada, eds. Keith G. tsine, uncertainnessing Thomas J. Courchene, and F. Leslie Seidle (Mont existing Institute for enquiry on exoteric insurance policy, 2007) Les Back, Michael Keith, Azra Khan, Kalbir Shukra, and magic Solomos, brisk delves uninfected warmth governance, Multiculturalism and the event of Assimilation, governanceal every quarter 73, No. 4 (2002) 44554 Steven Vertovec, Towards post-multiculturalism? changing communities, condition s and contexts of diversity, inter internal amicable scholarship ledger 61 (2010) 8395. For Australia, see Ien Ang and keister Stratton, Multiculturalism in Crisis The brand- untested Politics of carry and National Identity in Australia, in On non address Chinese constituteing mingled with Asia and the westbound, ed. I. Ang (London Routledge, 2001). For Canada, see Lloyd Wong, Joseph Garcea, and Anna Kirova, An analytic thinking of the Anti- and Post-Multiculturalism Discourses The fragmentation send (Alberta Prairie centerfield for honesty in investigate on Immigration and integrating, 2005), http//pmc.metropolis. cabbage/ practical(prenominal)%20Library/FinalReports/Post-multi%20FINAL%20REPORT%20for%20PCERII%20_2_. pdf. For a well(p) overview of the backfire pr distri sullenlyivelying in several(a) countries, see Steven Vertovec and Susan Wessendorf, eds. , The Multiculturalism reverberate European Discourses, Policies and Practices (London Routledge, 20 10). Multiculturalism Success, Failure, and the futurity 3 MIGRATION insurance policy impart away from it and shifted to a address that emphasizes polite integration, social cohesion, earthyplace set, and grappled out citizenship.2 The social- participatory handle of civic integration differs from the root-right discourse in emphasizing the need to develop a more inclusive field of study identity and to press racial inconsistency and discrimination, however it stock-still distances itself from the rhetoric and policies of multiculturalism. The term postmulticulturalism has a lottimes been invoked to signal this juvenile approach, which anticipates to subjugate the limits of a uninstructed or misguide multiculturalism slice suspending the heavy reaffirmation of homogenizing superpatriotic ideologies.3 II. What Is Multiculturalism? A. delusory mannikin In much of the post-multiculturalist literature, multiculturalism is characterized as a feel-good s olemnization of ethnocultural diversity, promote citizens to mark and handle the panoply of usance, traditions, harmony, and cuisine that exist in a multi- pagan society. Yasmin Alibhai-Brown calls this the 3S pretending of multiculturalism in Britain saris, samosas, and steeldrums. 4Multiculturalism takes these long-familiar cultural markers of ethnicalal meetings clothing, cuisine, and medicine and treats them as received practices to be keep by their members and safely consumed by former(a)s. under(a) the pennon of multiculturalism they are taught in develop, performed in festivals, screeninged in media and museums, and so on. This celebratory mildew of multiculturalism has been the revolve around of umpteen critiques, including the hobby It ignores issues of economic and political in equating. change surface if all Britons come to conduct intercourse Jamai place steeldrum music or Indian samosas, this would do nix to address the real problems facing Car ibbean and to the south Asiatic communities in Britain problems of unemployment, un beseeming procreational outcomes, residential segregation, s do- ciphert(p) incline phraseology skills, and political marginalization. These economic and political issues shag non be figure out simply by celebrating cultural differences. level off with discover to the (legitimate) goal of promoting greater dread of culturaldifferences, the tension on celebrating authentic cultural practices that are unique to each throng is potentially dangerous. First, non all tradition that may be handed-downly dependable indoors a particular group are worthy of creation celebrated, or even of being legally tolerated, such as force marriage. To avoid divine guidance up controversy, at that places a design to deal as the boil down of multicultural celebrations safely offenceless practices such as cuisine or music that discharge be pleasantly consumed by members of the bigger societ y. save this runs the pivotal risk 2For an overview of the attitudes of European social democratic parties to these issues, see Rene Cuperus, Karl Duffek, and Johannes Kandel, eds. , The contest of Diversity European mixer country lining Migration, integrating and Multiculturalism (Innsbruck Studien Verlag, 2003). For references to post-multiculturalism by imperfect tense intellectuals, who get along it from the radical rights antimulticulturalism, see, regarding the get together Kingdom, Yasmin Alibhai-Brown, afterward Multiculturalism (London impertinent form _or_ system of government Centre, 2000), and beyond Multiculturalism, Canadian Diversity/Diversite Canadienne 3, no.2 (2004) 514 regarding Australia, pack Jupp, From clear Australia to Woomera The accounting of Australian Immigration, here and now correspondation (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 2007) and regarding the join States, Desmond King, The emancipation of St putrs making the the Statesn Na tion (Oxford Oxford University Press, 2004), and David A. Hollinger, Post-ethnic America beyond Multiculturalism, revise fluctuation ( refreshing York prefatory Books, 2006).Alibhai-Brown, afterward Multiculturalism. 3 4 4 Multiculturalism Success, Failure, and the prospective MIGRATION insurance policy make up of the trivialization or Disneyfication of cultural differences,5 ignoring the real challenges that differences in cultural and spiritual values push aside raise. Third, the 3S feigning of multiculturalism hind end aid a whim of groups as hermetically sealed and unruffled, each reproducing its own clear practices.Multiculturalism may be think to embolden community to share their customs, alone the laying claim that each group has its own classifiable customs ignores extremityes of cultural adaptation, commingle, and melange, as well as emerge cultural commonalities, at that placeby potentially reinforcing perceptions of minorities as incessantly othe r. This in numeral buns lead to the strengthening of impairment and stereotyping, and more principally to the polarization of ethnic dealing. Fourth, this baffle can end up reinforcing authority inequalities and cultural restrictions at bottom nonage groups. In decision making which traditions are authentic, and how to interpret and display them, the state chiefly consults the handed-down elites at bottom the group typically sometime(a) males plot of ground ignoring the way these traditionalistic practices (and traditional elites) are often challenged by familiar reformers, who curb completeable views about how, say, a good Muslim should act. It can accordingly put away peck in cultural scripts that they are not allowed to nous or dispute.harmonize to post-multiculturalists, the growing cite of these flaws underlies the retreat from multiculturalism and signals the assay for bracing object lessons of citizenship that emphasize 1) political club and e conomic opportunities over the exemplary governing of cultural scholarship, 2) military personnel rights and someone freedom over regard as for cultural traditions, 3) the building of inclusive internal identities over the realization of transmissible cultural identities, and 4) cultural change and cultural mixing over the reification of static cultural differences.This narrative about the filch and communicate of 3S multiculturalism pull up stakes no doubt be familiar to many readers. In my view, however, it is inaccurate. non tho is it a mimicry of the naturalism of multiculturalism as it has veritable over the past 40 years in the westward democracies, finely it is a mismanagement from the real issues that we need to face.The 3S model captures something primaeval about natural serviceman tendencies to simplify ethnic differences, and about the logic of orbicular capitalism to stag planetary cultural products, simply it does not capture the constitu tion of post- sixties government MCPs, which punt had more labyrinthine pastal sources and political goals. B. Multiculturalism in consideration It is essential to put multiculturalism in its pastal context. In one sense, it is as old as bounty different cultures fox al slipway found ways of coexisting, and respect for diversity was a familiar feature of many historical empires, such as the pouffe Empire. just the mixture of multiculturalism that is verbalize to do had a rise and fall is a more particular(prenominal) historic phenomenon, emerging get-go in the westbound democracies in the late mid-sixties. This measuring is important, for it helps us limit multiculturalism in sexual congress to big social transformations of the postwar era. to a greater extent specifically, multiculturalism is part of a bigger human-rights innovation involving ethnic and racial diversity. preceding to creation crusade II, ethnocultural and spiritual diversity in the We st was characterized by a range of illiberal and tyrannic traffichips of hierarchy,6 warrant by racialist ideologies that expressedly propounded the superiority of some muckles and cultures and their right to rule over others. These ideologies were astray judge throughout the occidental innovation and underpinned both domestic laws (e. g. , racially bias in-migration and citizenship policies) and outside policies (e. g. , in sexual congress to oversea colonies). 5 6 Neil Bissoondath, sell Illusions The passion of Multiculturalism in Canada(Toronto Penguin, 1994). Including paritys of vanquisher and conquered, colonizer and colonized, lord and slave, settler and original, racialized and unmarked, normalized and deviant, Orthodox and heretic, civilize and primitive, and ally and enemy. Multiculturalism Success, Failure, and the forthcoming 5 MIGRATION polity bring in by and by introduction warfare II, however, the world recoiled against Hitlers rabid and hom icidal use of such ideologies, and the fall in Nations resolutely repudiated them in favor of a reinvigorated political orientation of the comparison of races and peoples.And this rising presumptuousness of human equality generated a serial macrocosmation of political movements designed to contest the linger social movement or invariable effects of old hierarchies. We can accredit common chord reels of such movements 1) the contest for decolonization, unvoiced in the period 194865 2) the endeavor against racial segregation and discrimination, initiated and exemplified by the AfricanAmerican civil-rights movement from 1955 to 1965 and 3) the exertion for multiculturalism and minority rights, which emerged in the late mid-sixties.Multiculturalism is part of a big human-rights r growing involving ethnic and racial diversity. each of these movements draws upon the human-rights revolution, and its foundational political orientation of the equality of races and pe oples, to challenge the legacies of former ethnic and racial hierarchies. Indeed, the human-rights revolution plays a fork-like pillowcase here, not just as the enthusiasm for a struggle, further excessively as a diffidence on the permissible goals and means of that struggle. until now as historically excluded or stigmatized groups struggle against antecedent hierarchies in the name of equality, they too hire to retract their own traditions of censure or conquest in the handling of, say, women, gays, people of composite race, religious dissenters, and so on. gay rights, and liberal-democratic naturalism more generally, provide the overarching theoretical account inwardly which these struggles are debated and addressed. for each one of these movements, therefore, can be seen as contri notwithstandinge to a process of democratic citizenization that is, good turn the preliminary catalogue of hierarchical relations into relationships of liberaldemocratic citizens hip. This entails transforming both the upright relationships among minorities and the state and the plain relationships among the members of different groups. In the past, it was often assumed that the only way to engage in this process of citizenization was to levy a atomic number 53 unvarying model of citizenship on all indivi doubles. precisely the ideas and policies of multiculturalism that emerged from the 1960s puzzle from the speculation that this complex invoice needfully and appropriately generates group-differentiated ethnopolitical claims. The mark to citizenization is not to reverse these differential claims but to filter them through and found them indoors the spoken communication of human rights, civil liberties, and democratic accountability. And this is what multiculturalist movements assimilate aimed to do.The precise character of the resulting multicultural reforms varies from group to group, as befits the distinctive floor that each has faced. T hey all start from the antidiscrimination teaching that underpinned the second base thrive but go beyond it to challenge other forms of animadversion or stigmatization. In most Hesperian countries, explicit state-sponsored discrimination against ethnic, racial, or religious minorities had largely ceased by the 1960s and 1970s, under the influence of the second wave of humanrights struggles. nevertheless ethnic and racial hierarchies persist in many societies, whether calculated in foothold of economic inequalities, political under mission, social stigmatization, or cultural invisibility. mingled forms of multiculturalism mystify been veritable to help vote out these delaying inequalities. The boil down in this report is on multiculturalism as it pertains to ( long-lastingly settled) immigrant groups,7 7 at that place was short in some European countries a form of multiculturalism that was not aimed at the comprehension of permanent immigrants, but quite an at ens uring that transitory migrants would bagcoming to their country of origin.For good example, mothertongue preparation in Germany was not initially introduced as a minority right but in order to enable client doer children to reintegrate in their countries of origin (Karen Schonwalder, Germany Integration Policy and Pluralism in a self-conscious artless of Immigration, in The Multiculturalism bounce European Discourses, Policies and Practices, eds. Steven Vertovec and Susanne Wessendorf London Routledge, 2010, 160). costless to say, this sort of depictist multiculturalism premised on the idea that migrants are foreigners who should return to their real plaza has nothing to do with multiculturalism policies (MCPs) premised on the idea that immigrants become in their array countries, and which aim to make immigrants 6 Multiculturalism Success, Failure, and the Future MIGRATION form _or_ system of government take but it is worth noting that struggles for multicultural ci tizenship strike also emerged in relation to historic minorities and endemical peoples. 8 C. The maturation of Multiculturalism PoliciesThe case of immigrant multiculturalism is just one side of a bigger ethnic revivification crosswise the occidental democracies,9 in which different types of minorities have struggled for hot forms of multicultural citizenship that combination both antidiscrimination measures and optimistic forms of lore and accommodation. Multicultural citizenship for immigrant groups understandably does not involve the corresponding types of claims as for autochthonal peoples or national minorities immigrant groups do not typically seek land rights, territorial reserve familiarity, or functionary words status.What then is the substance of multicultural citizenship in relation to immigrant groups? The Multiculturalism Policy Index is one attempt to measure the evolution of MCPs in a like format that enables comparative research. 10 The index takes th e sideline octet policies as the most common or model(a) forms of immigrant MCPs11 Constitutional, legislative, or parliamentary affirmation of multiculturalism, at the substitution and/ or vicinityal and municipal levels The acceptance of multiculturalism in school curricula The inclusion of ethnic delegacy/ esthesia in the dominance of public media or media licensing Exemptions from dress codes, either by edict or by courtyard cases Allowing of dual citizenship The championship of ethnic group organizations to support cultural activities The reenforcement of bilingual education or mother-tongue schooling favorable action for single out immigrant groups12 feel more at home where they are.The focus of this musical theme is on the last mentioned type of multiculturalism, which is centrally touch with constructing radical relations of citizenship. 8 In relation to indigenous peoples, for example such as the Maori in New Zealand, primitive peoples in Canada and Australia, American Indians, the Sami in Scandinavia, and the Inuit of Greenland new models of multicultural citizenship have emerged since the late 1960s that overwhelm policies such as land rights, self-government rights, recognition of public laws, and guarantees of political consultation.And in relation to substate national groups such as the Basques and Catalans in Spain, Flemish and Walloons in Belgium, Scottish and rip off in Britain, Quebecois in Canada, Germans in in the south Tyrol, Swedish in Finland we see new models of multicultural citizenship that implicate policies such as national or quasi-federal territorial autonomy official wrangle status, either in the region or nationally and guarantees of representation in the central government or on constitutional courts. 9 Anthony Smith, The social revitalisation in the modern font domain of a function (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1981).10 Keith banteng and I developed this index, start-off p ublished in Keith Banting and Will Kymlicka, eds. , Multiculturalism and the wellbeing State light and Redistribution in contemporary Democracies (Oxford Oxford University Press, 2006). many of the ideas discussed in this reputation are the result of our collaboration. 11 As with all cross-national indices, there is a trade-off surrounded by standardisation and aesthesia to topical anesthetic nuances. thither is no universally accepted comment of multiculturalism policies and no hard and ready line that would sharply distinguish MCPs from about related policy fields, such as antidis